Police Research for the Indonesian National Police Cadets
Keywords:
pracademic, improving policing, police researcher, police cadets
Abstract
This paper aims to explain police research. The study for this paper is conducted through a narrative literature review. The study finds that police research is a new field. The research is initially critical but later enriched with an evidence-based view. Police research is challenging because of the difficulty of the researchers collaborating with the police and translating research into practice. There are some steps (for a police researcher) to conduct research in policing successfully. The police cadets are inside researchers. They may have less difficulty entering the police organisation. Some points are suggested for the police cadets to be potential practitioner-academics (pracademic) in improving policing.
References
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Bayley, D. and Shearing, C. 1996. The future of Policing. Law and Society Review.30 (3), pp. 585-606.
Bowers, K., Jonshon, S. Guerette, R., Summers, L. and Poynton, S. 2011. Spatial displacement and diffusion of benefits among geographically focused policing initiatives: a meta-analytical review. Journal of Experimental Criminology. 7 (4), pp. 347-374.
Bradley, D. and Nixon, C. 2009. Ending the ‘dialogue of the deaf’: evidence and policing policies and practices An Australian Case study. Police Practice and Research: An International Journal. 10 (5-6), pp.423-435. Bradley, D. and Nixon, C. 2009. Ending the ‘dialogue of the deaf’: evidence and policing policies and practices An Australian Case study. Police Practice and Research: An International Journal. 10 (5-6), pp.423-435.
Braga, A.A. and Bond, B.J. 2008. Policing Crime and Disorder Hot Spots: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Criminology. 46 (3), pp.577-606
Brown, J. (1996). Police research: some critical issues. In: Leishman, F., Loveday, B. and Savage, S.P. eds. Core Issues in Policing. [no place]: Longman, pp.177-190.
Brown, R. 2015. Tip-toeing through the credibility mine field: Gaining social acceptance in policing research. In: Cockbain, E. and Knutsson, J. eds. Applied Police Research: Challenges and Opportunities. Oxon: Routledge, pp.43-69.
Bullock, K. and Tilley, N. 2009. Evidence-Based Policing and Crime Reduction. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice. 3 (4), pp. 381-387.
Button, M. 2002. Private Policing. Devon: Willan Publishing
Button, M. 2007. Security Officers and Policing Powers, Culture and Control in the Governance of Private Space. Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing
Canter, D. 2004. A tale of two cultures: A comparison of the cultures of the police and of academia. In: Adlam, R. and Villiers, P. eds. Policing a Safe, Just, Tolerant Society: An International Model for Policing. Winchester: Waterside Press, pp.109-121.
Clarke, R.V. 1980. "Situational" Crime Prevention: Theory and Practice. British Journal of Criminology. 20 (2), pp.136-147
Cockbain, E. 2015. Getting a foot in the closed door: Practical advice for starting out in research into crime and policing issues. In: Cockbain, E. and Knutsson, J. eds. Applied Police Research: Challenges and Opportunities. Oxon: Routledge, pp. 25-39.
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Cordner, G. and White, S., 2010. The evolving relationship between police research and police practice. Police Practice and Research: An International Journal, 11(2), pp.90-94.
Cornish, D.B. and Clarke, R.V. 2003. Opportunities, Precipitators and Criminal Decisions: A Reply to Wortley's Critique of Situational Crime Prevention. Crime Prevention Studies. 16 ([no number]), pp.41-96
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Eck, J.E. 2015. There is Nothing So Theoretical as Good Practice: Police-researcher coproduction of place theory. In: Cockbain, E. and Knutsson, J. eds. Applied Police Research: Challenge and Opportunities. Oxon: Routledge, pp.143-157
Fielding, N.G. 2018. Professionalizing the Police: The Unfulfilled Promise of Police Training. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Foster, J. and Bailey, D. 2010. Joining Forces: Maximizing Ways of Making a Difference in Policing. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice. 4 (2), pp. 95-103.
George Mason Police Research Group and Weisburd, D. eds. 2022. Translational Criminology in Policing. New York: Routledge.
Goldstein, H. 1979. Improving Policing: A Problem-Oriented Approach. Crime and Delinquency. 25 (2), pp.236-258
Greene, J.R., 2014. New directions in policing: Balancing prediction and meaning in police research. Justice Quarterly, 31(2), pp.193-228.
Guerette, R. and and Bowers, K. 2009. Assessing the Extent of Crime Displacement and Diffusion of Benefits: A Review of Situational Crime Prevention Evaluations. Criminology: An Interdisciplinary Journal. (4), pp. 1331-1368.
Holgersson, S. 2015. An Inside Job: Managing mismatched expectations and unwanted findings when conducting police research as a police officer. In: Cockbain, E. and Knutsson, J. eds. Applied Police Research: Challenges and Opportunities. Abingdon: Routledge, pp.122-129.
Homel, R. and Clarke, R.V. 1997. A revised classification of situational crime prevention techniques. In: Lab, S. ed. Crime Prevention at a Crossroads. Cincinnati: Anderson.
Ismail, C. 2020. A Systematic Review of the Role of Applied and the Pure Sciences in the Development of Police Science in Indonesia. Systematic Review in Pharmacy. 11 (11), pp. 830-836.
Ivanova, E., Magnusson, K. and Carlbring, P., 2019. Deposit limit prompt in online gambling for reducing gambling intensity: A randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, p.639.
Kelling, G., Pate, A., Dieckman, D. and Brown, C.E. 1974. The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment. Washington, D.C: Police Foundation.
Kennedy, D. 1996. Pulling levers: Chronic offenders, high-crime settings and a theory of prevention. Valparaiso University Law Review. 31 (2), pp. 449-484.
Kennedy, D. 2015. Working in the field: Police research in theory and in practice. In: Cockbain, E. and Knutsson, J. eds. Applied Police Research: Challenges and Opportunities. Oxon: Routledge, pp.29-42.
Kleemans, E.R. 2015. Organized Crime Research: Challenging assumptions and informing policy. In: Cockbain, E. and Knutsson, J. eds. Applied Police Research: Challenges and opportunities. Oxon: Routledge, pp.92-106.
Laycock, G. 2004. New challenges for law enforcement. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research. 10 (1), pp. 39-53.
Laycock, G. 2015. Trust Me, I'm A Researcher. In: Cockbain, E. and Knutssoon, J. eds. Applied Police Research: Challenges and Opportunities. Oxon: Routledge, pp.52-64.
Lum, C. 2009. Translating Police Research into Practice. Ideas in American Policing, pp.1-15.
Madensen, T. D. and Sousa, W.H. 2015. Practical Academics: Positive outcomes of police-researcher collaborations. In: Cockbain, E. and Knutsson, J. eds. Applied Police Research: Challenges and opportunities. Abingdon: Routledge, pp.78-94.
Mazerolle, L. and Ransley, J. 2005. Third-Party Policing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mintzberg, H. 1979. The Structuring of Organizations. (No city): Prentice-Hall
Newall, P.W., Weiss-Cohen, L., Singmann, H., Walasek, L. and Ludvig, E.A., 2022. Impact of the “when the fun stops, stop” gambling message on online gambling behaviour: A randomised, online experimental study. The Lancet Public Health, 7(5), pp.e437-e446.
Pawson, R. and Tilley, N. 1997. Realistic Evaluation. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Pawson, R. and Tilley, N. 1997. Realistic Evaluation. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
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Perez, D. W., & Shtull, P. R. (2002). Police research and practice: An American perspective. Police Practice and Research, 3(3), 169-187.
Perez, D. W., & Shtull, P. R. (2002). Police research and practice: An American perspective. Police Practice and Research, 3(3), 169-187.
Prasetyo, D., Purnomo, J.A., Pranata, A.Y. and Setyawan, N.A. 2024. The Functional Position in the Indonesian National Police. Jurnal Ilmu Kepolisian, pp.1-27.
Prasetyo, D. 2020. Meritrokasi Jabatan Fungsional pada SDM Polri. Depok: Rajawali Pers.
Ratcliffe, J. 2002. Intelligence-Led Policing and the Problems of Turning Rhetoric into Practice. Policing and Society. 12 (1), pp. 53-66.
Reiner, R. 2010. The Politics of the Police. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Reiner, R., 1992. Police research in the United Kingdom: a critical review. Crime and Justice, 15, pp.435-508.
Rojek, J., Alpert, G., & Smith, H. (2012). The utilization of research by the police. Police practice and research, 13(4), 329-341.
Rosenbaum, D.P., 2010. Police research: Merging the policy and action research traditions. Police Practice and Research: An International Journal, 11(2), pp.144-149.
Sheptycki, J. 2004. Organizational Pathologies in Police Intelligence Systems: Some Contributions to the Lexicon of Intelligence-Led-Policing. European Journal of Criminology. 1 (3), pp. 307-322.
Sherman, L.W. 1998. Evidence-Based Policing. Ideas in American Policing., pp.1-15.
Sherman, L.W. 2013. The Rise of Evidence-Based Policing: Targeting, Testing, and Tracking. Crime and Justice. 42 (1), pp.377-451.
Sherman, L.W., Gottfredson, D.C., MacKenzie, D.L., Eck., J., Reuter, P. and Bushway, S.D. 1997. Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising. National Institute of Justice, pp.1-19
Skogan, W. and Frydl, K. 2004. Fairness and effectiveness in policing: The evidence. Washington, D.C. The National Academies Press.
Skolnick, J. 1966. Justice without trial: law enforcement in democratic society. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Sparrow, M.K. 2011. Governing Science. New Perspectives in Policing, pp. 1-32.
Stanislas, P. ed. 2014. International Perspectives on Police Education and Training. Abingdon: Routledge.
Stanko, E.A., 2009. Improving policing through research. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 3(4), pp.306-309.
Tilley, N. 1995. Thinking about Crime Prevention Performance Indicators. London: Home Office Police Research Group.
Tilley, N. 2006. Knowing and Doing: Guidance and Good Practice in Crime PReventino. In: Knutsson, J. and Clarke, R.V. eds. Putting Theory to Work: Implementing Situational Crime Prevention and Problem-Oriented Policing, Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 20. Monsey: Criminal Justice Press.
Tilley, N. 2009. Sherman vs Sherman: Realism vs rhetoric. Criminology & Criminal Justice. 9 (2), pp. 135-144.
Weisburd, D. Wyckoff, L. Ready, J. Eck, J.E. Hinkle, J. and Gajweski, F. 2006. Does crime just move around the corner? A Controlled study of spatial displacement and diffusion of crime control benefits. Criminology. 44 (3), pp. 549-591.
Weisburd, D. and Neyroud, P. 2011. Police Science: Toward a New Paradigm. The New Perspectives in Policing. , pp.1-23.
Wilson, J.Q. 1968. Varieties of Police Behaviour. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Wortley, R. 2012. Exploring the person-situation interaction in situational crime prevention. In: Tilley, N and Farrell, G. eds. The Reasoning Criminologist: essays in honour of Ronald V Clarke. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 170-179.
Bayley, D. 1998. Policing in America: Assessment and prospects. Washington, D.C.: Police Foundation.
Bayley, D. and Shearing, C. 1996. The future of Policing. Law and Society Review.30 (3), pp. 585-606.
Bowers, K., Jonshon, S. Guerette, R., Summers, L. and Poynton, S. 2011. Spatial displacement and diffusion of benefits among geographically focused policing initiatives: a meta-analytical review. Journal of Experimental Criminology. 7 (4), pp. 347-374.
Bradley, D. and Nixon, C. 2009. Ending the ‘dialogue of the deaf’: evidence and policing policies and practices An Australian Case study. Police Practice and Research: An International Journal. 10 (5-6), pp.423-435. Bradley, D. and Nixon, C. 2009. Ending the ‘dialogue of the deaf’: evidence and policing policies and practices An Australian Case study. Police Practice and Research: An International Journal. 10 (5-6), pp.423-435.
Braga, A.A. and Bond, B.J. 2008. Policing Crime and Disorder Hot Spots: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Criminology. 46 (3), pp.577-606
Brown, J. (1996). Police research: some critical issues. In: Leishman, F., Loveday, B. and Savage, S.P. eds. Core Issues in Policing. [no place]: Longman, pp.177-190.
Brown, R. 2015. Tip-toeing through the credibility mine field: Gaining social acceptance in policing research. In: Cockbain, E. and Knutsson, J. eds. Applied Police Research: Challenges and Opportunities. Oxon: Routledge, pp.43-69.
Bullock, K. and Tilley, N. 2009. Evidence-Based Policing and Crime Reduction. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice. 3 (4), pp. 381-387.
Button, M. 2002. Private Policing. Devon: Willan Publishing
Button, M. 2007. Security Officers and Policing Powers, Culture and Control in the Governance of Private Space. Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing
Canter, D. 2004. A tale of two cultures: A comparison of the cultures of the police and of academia. In: Adlam, R. and Villiers, P. eds. Policing a Safe, Just, Tolerant Society: An International Model for Policing. Winchester: Waterside Press, pp.109-121.
Clarke, R.V. 1980. "Situational" Crime Prevention: Theory and Practice. British Journal of Criminology. 20 (2), pp.136-147
Cockbain, E. 2015. Getting a foot in the closed door: Practical advice for starting out in research into crime and policing issues. In: Cockbain, E. and Knutsson, J. eds. Applied Police Research: Challenges and Opportunities. Oxon: Routledge, pp. 25-39.
Cockbain, E. and Knutsson, J. 2015. Introduction. In: Cockbain E. and Knutsson, J. eds. Applied Police Research: Challenges and opportunities. Oxon: Routledge, pp.20-30.
Cordner, G. and White, S., 2010. The evolving relationship between police research and police practice. Police Practice and Research: An International Journal, 11(2), pp.90-94.
Cornish, D.B. and Clarke, R.V. 2003. Opportunities, Precipitators and Criminal Decisions: A Reply to Wortley's Critique of Situational Crime Prevention. Crime Prevention Studies. 16 ([no number]), pp.41-96
Easton, M. 2017. Military Policing. In: Joseph, P. ed. The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives. [no place]: SAGE Publications, Inc., pp.1117-1119
Eck, J.E. 2002. Learning from Experience in Problem-Oriented Policing and Situational Prevention: The Positive Functions of Weak Evaluations and the Negative Functions of Strong Ones. In: ed. Evaluation for Crime Prevention, Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 14. Monsey: Criminal Justice Press.
Eck, J.E. 2015. There is Nothing So Theoretical as Good Practice: Police-researcher coproduction of place theory. In: Cockbain, E. and Knutsson, J. eds. Applied Police Research: Challenge and Opportunities. Oxon: Routledge, pp.143-157
Fielding, N.G. 2018. Professionalizing the Police: The Unfulfilled Promise of Police Training. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Foster, J. and Bailey, D. 2010. Joining Forces: Maximizing Ways of Making a Difference in Policing. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice. 4 (2), pp. 95-103.
George Mason Police Research Group and Weisburd, D. eds. 2022. Translational Criminology in Policing. New York: Routledge.
Goldstein, H. 1979. Improving Policing: A Problem-Oriented Approach. Crime and Delinquency. 25 (2), pp.236-258
Greene, J.R., 2014. New directions in policing: Balancing prediction and meaning in police research. Justice Quarterly, 31(2), pp.193-228.
Guerette, R. and and Bowers, K. 2009. Assessing the Extent of Crime Displacement and Diffusion of Benefits: A Review of Situational Crime Prevention Evaluations. Criminology: An Interdisciplinary Journal. (4), pp. 1331-1368.
Holgersson, S. 2015. An Inside Job: Managing mismatched expectations and unwanted findings when conducting police research as a police officer. In: Cockbain, E. and Knutsson, J. eds. Applied Police Research: Challenges and Opportunities. Abingdon: Routledge, pp.122-129.
Homel, R. and Clarke, R.V. 1997. A revised classification of situational crime prevention techniques. In: Lab, S. ed. Crime Prevention at a Crossroads. Cincinnati: Anderson.
Ismail, C. 2020. A Systematic Review of the Role of Applied and the Pure Sciences in the Development of Police Science in Indonesia. Systematic Review in Pharmacy. 11 (11), pp. 830-836.
Ivanova, E., Magnusson, K. and Carlbring, P., 2019. Deposit limit prompt in online gambling for reducing gambling intensity: A randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, p.639.
Kelling, G., Pate, A., Dieckman, D. and Brown, C.E. 1974. The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment. Washington, D.C: Police Foundation.
Kennedy, D. 1996. Pulling levers: Chronic offenders, high-crime settings and a theory of prevention. Valparaiso University Law Review. 31 (2), pp. 449-484.
Kennedy, D. 2015. Working in the field: Police research in theory and in practice. In: Cockbain, E. and Knutsson, J. eds. Applied Police Research: Challenges and Opportunities. Oxon: Routledge, pp.29-42.
Kleemans, E.R. 2015. Organized Crime Research: Challenging assumptions and informing policy. In: Cockbain, E. and Knutsson, J. eds. Applied Police Research: Challenges and opportunities. Oxon: Routledge, pp.92-106.
Laycock, G. 2004. New challenges for law enforcement. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research. 10 (1), pp. 39-53.
Laycock, G. 2015. Trust Me, I'm A Researcher. In: Cockbain, E. and Knutssoon, J. eds. Applied Police Research: Challenges and Opportunities. Oxon: Routledge, pp.52-64.
Lum, C. 2009. Translating Police Research into Practice. Ideas in American Policing, pp.1-15.
Madensen, T. D. and Sousa, W.H. 2015. Practical Academics: Positive outcomes of police-researcher collaborations. In: Cockbain, E. and Knutsson, J. eds. Applied Police Research: Challenges and opportunities. Abingdon: Routledge, pp.78-94.
Mazerolle, L. and Ransley, J. 2005. Third-Party Policing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mintzberg, H. 1979. The Structuring of Organizations. (No city): Prentice-Hall
Newall, P.W., Weiss-Cohen, L., Singmann, H., Walasek, L. and Ludvig, E.A., 2022. Impact of the “when the fun stops, stop” gambling message on online gambling behaviour: A randomised, online experimental study. The Lancet Public Health, 7(5), pp.e437-e446.
Pawson, R. and Tilley, N. 1997. Realistic Evaluation. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Pawson, R. and Tilley, N. 1997. Realistic Evaluation. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Peraturan Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia tentang Sistem Pendidikan Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia 2015. SI 2015/14. Jakarta: Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia.
Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan dan kebudayaan Republik Indonesia tentang Standar Nasional Pendidikan Tinggi 2020. SI 2020/ 3. Jakarta: Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia.
Peraturan Pemerintah tentang Pendidikan Kedinasan 2010. SI 2010/14. Jakarta: Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia.
Perez, D. W., & Shtull, P. R. (2002). Police research and practice: An American perspective. Police Practice and Research, 3(3), 169-187.
Perez, D. W., & Shtull, P. R. (2002). Police research and practice: An American perspective. Police Practice and Research, 3(3), 169-187.
Prasetyo, D., Purnomo, J.A., Pranata, A.Y. and Setyawan, N.A. 2024. The Functional Position in the Indonesian National Police. Jurnal Ilmu Kepolisian, pp.1-27.
Prasetyo, D. 2020. Meritrokasi Jabatan Fungsional pada SDM Polri. Depok: Rajawali Pers.
Ratcliffe, J. 2002. Intelligence-Led Policing and the Problems of Turning Rhetoric into Practice. Policing and Society. 12 (1), pp. 53-66.
Reiner, R. 2010. The Politics of the Police. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Reiner, R., 1992. Police research in the United Kingdom: a critical review. Crime and Justice, 15, pp.435-508.
Rojek, J., Alpert, G., & Smith, H. (2012). The utilization of research by the police. Police practice and research, 13(4), 329-341.
Rosenbaum, D.P., 2010. Police research: Merging the policy and action research traditions. Police Practice and Research: An International Journal, 11(2), pp.144-149.
Sheptycki, J. 2004. Organizational Pathologies in Police Intelligence Systems: Some Contributions to the Lexicon of Intelligence-Led-Policing. European Journal of Criminology. 1 (3), pp. 307-322.
Sherman, L.W. 1998. Evidence-Based Policing. Ideas in American Policing., pp.1-15.
Sherman, L.W. 2013. The Rise of Evidence-Based Policing: Targeting, Testing, and Tracking. Crime and Justice. 42 (1), pp.377-451.
Sherman, L.W., Gottfredson, D.C., MacKenzie, D.L., Eck., J., Reuter, P. and Bushway, S.D. 1997. Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising. National Institute of Justice, pp.1-19
Skogan, W. and Frydl, K. 2004. Fairness and effectiveness in policing: The evidence. Washington, D.C. The National Academies Press.
Skolnick, J. 1966. Justice without trial: law enforcement in democratic society. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Sparrow, M.K. 2011. Governing Science. New Perspectives in Policing, pp. 1-32.
Stanislas, P. ed. 2014. International Perspectives on Police Education and Training. Abingdon: Routledge.
Stanko, E.A., 2009. Improving policing through research. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 3(4), pp.306-309.
Tilley, N. 1995. Thinking about Crime Prevention Performance Indicators. London: Home Office Police Research Group.
Tilley, N. 2006. Knowing and Doing: Guidance and Good Practice in Crime PReventino. In: Knutsson, J. and Clarke, R.V. eds. Putting Theory to Work: Implementing Situational Crime Prevention and Problem-Oriented Policing, Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 20. Monsey: Criminal Justice Press.
Tilley, N. 2009. Sherman vs Sherman: Realism vs rhetoric. Criminology & Criminal Justice. 9 (2), pp. 135-144.
Weisburd, D. Wyckoff, L. Ready, J. Eck, J.E. Hinkle, J. and Gajweski, F. 2006. Does crime just move around the corner? A Controlled study of spatial displacement and diffusion of crime control benefits. Criminology. 44 (3), pp. 549-591.
Weisburd, D. and Neyroud, P. 2011. Police Science: Toward a New Paradigm. The New Perspectives in Policing. , pp.1-23.
Wilson, J.Q. 1968. Varieties of Police Behaviour. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Wortley, R. 2012. Exploring the person-situation interaction in situational crime prevention. In: Tilley, N and Farrell, G. eds. The Reasoning Criminologist: essays in honour of Ronald V Clarke. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 170-179.
Published
2025-03-05
Section
Articles
